GI+Bill

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 * GI Bill** (also the **Servicemen's Readjustment Act** of 1944)



= History =

The Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944 is often touted as one of the greatest pieces of American legislations. This act helped to increase access to higher education, provide benefits to returning veterans and access to loans for veterans. Although this legislation was developed during WWII the foundation of this bill stretches back to the American colonies.

American Colonies through the Civil War
The [|American Colonies] had provided pensions for disabled veterans since their initial encounters with the Indians in the 1600’s. This first law that was established in 1636 by Plymouth and it outlined terms for disabled veterans. This idea would later be replicated in 1776 by the [|Continental Congress] who sought to increase membership and decrease desertions. They offered a program that paid “half pay for life in cases of loss of limb or serious disability”. This plan would have many problems as the continental congress did not have any authority to disperse money. In 1789 when the [|US Constitution] was ratified these benefits were paid and shortly after a Bureau of Pensions under the Secretary of War was formed. These programs would continue to develop and by the end of 1861 which was the conclusion of the [|Civil War] the United States had 1.9 million veterans. To meet the needs of these veterans the General Pension Act of 1862 provided “disability payments based on rank and degree of disability, and liberalized benefits for widows, children and dependent relatives and in special priority in the [|Homestead Act of 1862]”. A series of smaller acts would expand and contract different portions of each of these bills and eventually all veterans from every war would be eligible for benefits of the [|Sherwood Act of 1912]. What was unique about this act, is that it no longer classified veterans by their disability, but rather by the service to their country. This piece of legislation would change the way we look at veteran’s affairs today. (1)

WWI and WWII
At the conclusion of [|World War I] the United States had 4.7 million veterans in the system. The first time in the United States history we provided wounded veterans with vocational rehabilitation for those soldiers wounded in the war. This was called the Vocational Rehabilitation Act of 1918 that provided this service along with an allowance for those who could not continue to work after the war. This legislation provided educational opportunities and would pave the way for bills like the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act of 1944. During the 1920's and early 1930's benefits would increase 62% as a result of increase in disability “compensation and pensions from veterans of the Civil War and Spanish American War”.

During the great depression and into the early thirties, many of America’s veterans were living in squalid conditions. These soldiers had been promised bonus wages through the World War Adjustment Compensation Act (1). The premises behind this act was to provide stimulus dollars for returning veterans as a way to keep the economy moving after the war had concluded. The problem arose when the government issued this money in bonds that had a 20 year pay out. These soldiers wanted this money earlier than maturity so they marched on Washington D.C. in what was known as the [|Bonus March]. This would spark the awareness of America’s legislatures and inspire them to create a program that will help eliminate a largely unemployed, uneducated workforce.

While World War II was still being fought, the Department of Labor estimated that, “After the war, 15 million men and women who had been serving in the armed services would be unemployed”. As a way to reduce the possibility of postwar depression brought on by widespread unemployment, the “National Resources Planning Board, a White House agency, studied postwar manpower needs as early as 1942 and in June 1943 recommended a series of programs for education and training” (2). They would comprise the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act of 1944 which was passed favorable through the congress. This act which is more commonly referred to as the GI bill or the “GI Bill of Rights,” was drafted by Topeka lawyer named Harry Colmery (3). As the story is told Colmery wrote the legislation in the Mayflower Hotel in Washington D.C. (3). This piece of legislation was passed through congress and was eventually signed into law by Franklin D. Roosevelt (2). The GI Bill had three major benefits:


 * The first benefit provided up to four years of education or training. The education package included the payment of up to $500 a school year for tuition, fees, books and supplies, plus a monthly subsistence allowance. The tuition would be directly given to the universities upon student enrollment.


 * The second benefit provided veterans with federally guaranteed home, farm and business loans with no down payment. This feature was designed to generate jobs in the housing industry while providing housing and assistance for veterans and their families. Veterans could apply for loans up to $2,000, with 50% guaranteed by the government.


 * The third feature was unemployment compensation. The new law provided that veterans who had served a minimum of 90 days were entitled to a weekly payment of $20 for a maximum of 52 weeks. The new benefits were popular with veterans.

When the World War II GI Bill program ended in 1956, some 7.8 million had received some kind of training, and the VA had guaranteed 5.9 million home loans totaling $50.1 billion (1).

Korean War
The [|Korean War] which was formally called a military conflict had a very similar piece of legislation to address the returning veterans from Korea. The Veterans Adjustment Act of 1952 was an extension of the GI bill, but with one major difference. These veterans were no longer provided with direct payment of their college tuition, but rather they would be given the amount in cash and it was up to the individual to properly spend the money. The amount of $110 was given to these Veterans to cover tuition, fees, books and living expense. This was in response to several issues of universities overcharging for tuition in an attempt to defrauding the government. In addition this new piece of legislation would only pay for 36 months of tuition (1). This meant that veterans were no longer given a full education. These changes would last for many years and would not be changed until the 1990’s.

1960’s and the Vietnam War
The [|60's] and early [|70's] saw several changes to the GI Bill with regards to Education. The first change was the passage of the Veterans Readjustment Benefits Act of 1966. This bill was important for two reasons. The first being that it extended benefits to military veterans who served even during peace time. This measure was proposed to [|President Eisenhower], but he dismissed the idea after the Bradley Commission concluded that “ Service in the military should be an "obligation for citizenship, not a basis for government benefits” (4) . This bill would soon be signed by President Johnson under the [|Great Society] programs. This is important as is increased access to higher education for those individuals who may or may not have been able to get access to such institutions. The second major change was in the structure of how veterans could use time on activity duty toward educational assistance. This new GI bill would give a month and a half time for each month of active duty (1) . This system would prove to be very successful as 76% of eligible veterans participated in using their educational benefits. This would equate to 5.5 million veterans trained during the life of this GI bill. In comparison to World War II which had a 50.5% participation rate and the Korean War which had a 43.4% completion rate this system was extremely successful (1).

Post Vietnam Era
During this time in American history there was no longer a draft. Service in the military was completely voluntary and to attract soldiers the Post Vietnam Era Veterans Educational Assistance Act of 1977 (or VEAP) was established (1). The idea of this program was to help recruit new soldiers with the plan that they could contribute up to 2,700 to an education fund and that the federal government would match the donation two dollars for every one dollar. This program would prove to be unsuccessful and would lead to the passing of the Veterans Educational Assistance Act of 1984, otherwise known as the Montgomery GI Bill.

Montgomery GI Bill – Active Duty (MGIB) Chapter 30
The Montgomery GI Bill was created by former Mississippi congressman, Gillespie V. (Sonny) Montgomery in 1984 which was a revamp of the previous GI Bill and was permanent in 1987.

The Montgomery GI Bill – Chapter 30 is for Active Duty members of the United States Armed Forces are eligible for $300 in educational benefits for up to 36 months. These benefits are available for college, technical or vocational courses, correspondence courses, apprenticeship/job training, flight training, high-tech training, licensing and certification tests, entrepreneurship training or certain entrance exams.

For a member to be eligible for these benefits, they must be honorably discharged, have a high school diploma or GED and fit one of the following categories:


 * **__Category I__:** Students must have entered active duty for the first time after June 30, 1985, had military pay reduced by $100 a month for first 12 months and continuously served for 3 years, OR 2 years if that is what the student first enlisted for, OR 2 years if the student entered the Selected Reserve within a year of leaving active duty and served 4 years ("2 by 4" Program)


 * **__Category II__:** Students must have entered active duty before January 1, 1977, served at least 1 day between October 19, 1984 and June 30, 1985, and stayed on active duty through June 30, 1988, (or June 30, 1987 if the student entered the Selected Reserve within 1 year of leaving active duty and served 4 years) and on December 31, 1989, the student had entitlement left from Vietnam-Era GI Bill


 * **__Category III__**: Students must not be eligible for MGIB under Category I or II, on active duty on September 30, 1990 AND separated involuntarily after February 2, 1991, OR involuntarily separated on or after November 30, 1993, OR voluntarily separated under either the Voluntary Separation Incentive (VSI) or Special Separation Benefit (SSB) program and before separation, the student had military pay reduced by $1200


 * **__Category IV__:** The student must be on active duty on 10/9/96 AND you had money remaining in a VEAP account on that date AND you elected MGIB by October 9, 1997, OR entered full-time National Guard duty under title 32, USC, between July 1, 1985, and November 28, 1989 AND the student elected MGIB during the period October 9, 1996, through July 8, 1997 and had military pay reduced by $100 a month for 12 months or made a $1200 lump-sum contribution

The Montgomery bill is touted as one of the most successful GI bills to date.

Persian Gulf War
The Persian Gulf War veterans were given access to the Montgomery GI Bill benefits as part of the 1991 Persian Gulf Conflict Supplemental Authorization.

Post-9/11 GI Bill - Chapter 33
The Bill was introduced for those individuals who where on active duty service after September 10, 2001 which stemmed from the [|attacks] on American soil on September 11, 2001. The requirements for veterans being eligible for the Post 9-11 GI Bill is that they had to be on active duty for a minimum of 90 days after September 10, 2001 and be honorably discharged. Some servicemen have the opportunity to transfer the benefits of the Bill to dependants.

The benefits became available August 1, 2009 for this new Bill to the eligible veterans who submitted an application to receive the benefits. However, due to the huge influx of veteran students who have applied for these benefits, there was a major backlog in getting the benefits to the students. As noted in the Chronicle of Higher Education, there was a peak of more than 200,000 students who put in claims for their benefits in the fall 2009 semester. The department allocated advance payments of $3,000 made to 68,000 students total while they waited for the full payout of benefits due to the backlog. The problem with the advance payouts is now students need to set up plans to pay the $3,000 back. Plans could be either monthly repayments or through deductions from future benefit payouts. (5)

The amount of benefits depend on where the student lives and what type of degree they are pursuing. The amount for paid tuition is based upon the highest in-state tuition charged by an educational institution in the state where the education institution is located. Because some institutions are priced higher than the standard in-state tuition rate, there is a “Yellow Ribbon Program” that offers a tuition reimbursement for the difference.

The benefits available through the Post 9-11 GI Bill are cost of tuition and fees, a yearly stipend for books and supplies up to $1,000, and a monthly housing allowance. The monthly housing allowance amount depends on the location of the school and the benefit level of the veteran (40% - 100%).

The types of programs/degrees that offer assistance with this program are undergraduate degree, graduate degree, vocational/technical degrees, tutorial assistance and licensing and certification test reimbursement.

Montgomery GI Bill – Selected Reserve & Reserve Education Assistance Program (REAP) Chapter 1607
This type of Montgomery GI Bill was established as part of Ronald W. Reagan National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2005 and was designed to provide educational assistance to Reserves called or ordered to active duty in response to a war or national emergency.

= Effects of the GI Bill =

Effects on Faculty
Many of the veterans have post-traumatic stress disorder which can affect students while in class or just on campus. These situations should be brought to the attention of professors which can open a new level of understanding of the disorder.

“Many veterans, who are enrolled in classes such as Middle Eastern history and culture, must meet with each of their professors and warn them that they might have to leave the room for a few minutes if experiencing a flashback” says Mr. Todd, a veteran. (6)

Effects on Support Services
There are some institutional changes that will need to be addressed due to the new GI Bill. The first, most important, area of change that is being affected is with Veterans Affairs (VA) services. As the new Post 9-11 Bill begins to disburse benefits, the knowledge base of the eligibility requirements and standard disbursement protocols are areas in which the VA office will be required to know. Along with the bill requirements and understanding, the overall activity within the VA office will also increase. (7)

Of colleges that have services specifically for veterans, 82 percent offer help in understanding GI benefits, 81 percent award credit for military training, and 79 percent have an established refund policy for service members who are called to active duty in the middle of a semester, the report says. (8)

"The GI Bill is a great thing," Mr. Todd says, "but it is bringing a lot of students to campus with special needs that colleges will be struggling to address in tough economic times." (6)

Nationally, about 300,000 veterans are enrolled in higher education, according to the American Council on Education. As of mid-January of 2010, the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs has processed about $1.3 billion in post-9/11 GI Bill payments to more than 167,000 student veterans enrolled for the fall semester. The VA also has received 103,000 spring enrollments under the new bill and has processed more than 72,000. (7)

Some institutions are offering accelerated admissions reviews, waivers to the application fee, top-priority registration along with deferred tuition payments for veterans. The American Council on Education has also been involved in assisting veterans. They have created a website to assist military veterans in choosing a college.

Another department that is required to change with the influx of enrollment of veterans are institutions’ counseling centers. To accommodate the anticipated rise in enrollment rates, colleges across the country have been striving to make necessary preparations. Many colleges have established new and/or revised counseling centers, specifically designed to help veterans and student groups that will focus on unique veteran-based issues. The counseling departments at many schools plan to provide veteran-based financial guidance, advice, and support. (9)

Finally, Disability Support Services will not only need to be compliant with federal regulations to offer availability to students who may have war related injuries, their understanding of these requirements can assist in training other staff and faculty on how to work with veterans.(7 )

Effects on Students
The most important effect all of the GI Bills throughout history have had on higher education are their ability to educate groups of people that previously would never have recieved any form of higher education. Each GI Bill, more often than not, sought out marganilized groups of the population and allowed them access to higher education. Many veterans now attending universities are first time in college students and are able to transfer many of their benefits to their immediate family thus allowing education to become a benefit for future generations within many families across the nation. Some colleges, like Western Michigan, even offer in-state tuition to any service member whether or not their home of record is that state, as noted on the DD214, or if their current papers show that they are stationed within that state. (7)

However, most veteran students are choosing the option most beneficial to their current economic state. Many veterans cannot afford to become full time students, even with the benefits, and therefore are attending online programs or part time community college programs. Community colleges are expecting more enrollments than in any previous year of veterans. Right now, many veterans are attending community college -- about 40 percent of GI Bill recipients are pursuing two-year degrees, according to the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. “I have a feeling that [|University of Phoenix] will always be the number one recipient of GI Bill benefits, in part because they make themselves so incredibly accessible to veterans throughout this country,” said Patrick Campbell, legislative director for the Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans of America. (11)

Some of the issues for veteran students include a lack of knowledge on the part of the college staff about GI benefits. Any college that receives money from a student's GI Bill benefits is required to have a designated staff member to help veterans’ process claims. But more often than not, that responsibility falls on the shoulders of someone who already has a full-time job at the institution doing something else. As a result, benefits-claims officers do not know enough about the GI Bill to provide any real help to the students. (10)

Additionally, many veterans struggle with the lack of structure present in the university system in comparison with their military career. Veterans accustomed to a clear chain of command can find academic bureaucracy confusing and frustrating, particularly when they run into snags enrolling for classes and tracking benefits. These officials are often unprepared to deal with not only the financial aid veterans require but also issues involving transfer credits, programs, and health care. [|(11)] Furthermore, Mr. Todd, an Iraq veteran says, “Many veterans have found that campus counseling centers are more geared toward 18-year-olds missing their parents, and not the complex issues that are more deep-rooted than just being homesick." [|(6)]

= GI Bill Comparison Chart =

Currently there are multiple GI Bills available for United States Veterans or Active Duty individuals who are interested in pursuing higher education, certificates or vocational certificates. The three available bills are the Post 9-11 GI Bill, Montgomery GI Bill (Active Duty) and the Montgomery GI Bill (Selected Reserve & Reserve Education Assistance Program). The @GI Bill Benefit Comparison Chart covers the type of training that is covered under each Bill along with the amount of benefits received. (12)

Characteristics of Current GI Bills

 * || **Post-9/11 GI Bill** || **Montgomery GI Bill – Active Duty (MGIB)** || **Montgomery GI Bill - Reserves** || **REAP** ||
 * **Codification** || Chapter 33, 38 USC || Chapter 30, 38 USC || Chapter 1606, 10 USC || Chapter 1607, Title 10 USC ||
 * **Effective Date** || New benefit becomes effective Aug 1, 2009 – payments not retroactive.

Eligibility may be established using active duty service performed on or after 9/11/01 || Remains in effect || Remains in effect || Remains in effect ||
 * **What determines benefit amount** || The benefit level is determined based upon an individual’s aggregate qualifying active duty service. Three part benefit: * Tuition and fees at the school of the veteran's choice – limited to the in-state tuition for the highest priced undergraduate public Institution of Higher Learning (IHL).


 * Monthly housing allowance equal to the BAH payable for an E-5 with dependents located in the zip code of the educational institution where the individual is enrolled. For those attending foreign schools (schools without a main campus in the U.S.) the BAH rate is fixed at $1,333.00 for 2009.


 * Up to a $1,000 annual stipend for books and supplies.

Note: Active duty members receive 100% tuition and fees of whatever school they attend, but do not receive the housing allowance or books and supplies stipend. || Amount is fixed regardless of education program – adjusted annually based on the average undergraduate tuition as determined by the National Center for Education Statistics || Amount is fixed regardless of education program – adjusted annually based on the average undergraduate tuition as determined by the National Center for Education Statistics || Amount is fixed regardless of education program – adjusted annually based on the average undergraduate tuition as determined by the National Center for Education Statistics ||

Benefits of Current GI Bills

 * || **Post-9/11 GI Bill** || **Montgomery GI Bill – Active Duty (MGIB)** || **Montgomery GI Bill - Reserves** || **REAP** ||
 * **Education Benefit** || Tuition and fees paid directly to school -- actual cost may vary by state and veteran’s period of service || Since August 1, 2008, the full-time monthly rate is $1321.00 for individuals who served 3+ years of service.

Since August 1, 2008, the full-time monthly rate is $1073.00 for individuals who served less than 3 years of service. || Since October 1, 2008, the full-time monthly rate is $329.00 || Since August 1, 2008, the full-time monthly rate is

$1,056.80 for individuals with at least 2 years of consecutive active-duty service;

$792.60 for individuals with at least 1 year but less than 2 years of consecutive active-duty service;

$528.40 for individuals with at least 90 days but less than 1 year of consecutive active-duty service ||
 * **Housing Allowance** || Monthly housing allowance equal to the BAH payable for an E-5 with dependents (located in the zip code of the educational institution where the individual is enrolled).

For those attending foreign schools (schools without a main campus in the U.S.) the BAH rate is fixed at $1,333.00 for 2009. Individuals who are pursuing training while on active duty, solely via distance learning, or are training at half-time or less are NOT eligible to receive the monthly housing allowance. || None, however benefit can be used for room and board at the veteran's discretion. || None, however benefit can be used for room and board at the veteran's discretion. || None, however benefit can be used for room and board at the veteran's discretion. ||
 * **Book Stipend** || Up to a $1,000 per year for books and supplies. Individuals eligible at the 100% benefit level may receive $41.67 for each credit hour certified up to 24 credit hours each academic year. The books and supplies stipend will be paid in a lump sum amount for each term, quarter, or semester certified. || None, however the benefit can be used for books and supplies at the veteran's discretion. || None, however the benefit can be used for books and supplies at the veteran's discretion. || None, however the benefit can be used for books and supplies at the veteran's discretion. ||
 * **Eligibility** || Members who served on active duty for at least 90 aggregate days after 9/10/01.

Active duty exclusions include:


 * Service Academy graduate commitment


 * ROTC scholarship graduate commitment


 * Active duty served as a requirement for student loan repayment under chapter 109, 10 USC

Members who serve at least 30 continuous days on active duty and were released due to a service-connected disability are also eligible. || Members who first entered active duty on or after 7/1/85 and who had at least a two-year enlistment.

Generally, individuals commissioned as a result of completion of an ROTC program who received more than $3,400 while under an ROTC scholarship each school year and Service Academy graduates are not eligible for chapter 30. || Members who have a 6 year obligation to serve in the Selected Reserve signed after 6/30/85. If you are an officer, you must have agreed to serve 6 years in addition to your original obligation. For some types of training, it is necessary to have a 6 year commitment that begins after 9/30/90

Complete your initial active duty for training (IADT) || Generally, a member of a Reserve component who serves on active duty on or after 9/11/01 under title 10, U.S. Code, for at least 90 consecutive days under a contingency operation, is eligible for REAP.

National Guard members are eligible if their active service extends for 90 consecutive days or more and their service is:


 * authorized under section 502(f), title 32, U.S. Code,


 * authorized by the President or Secretary of Defense for a national emergency, and


 * supported by federal funds. ||
 * **Administration of payment** || Tuition payment will be made directly to the school after proof of enrollment

Housing stipend paid monthly to veteran

Books and supplies stipend paid to veteran proportionately in first month of each academic term || Monthly check sent to veteran after proof of enrollment || Monthly check sent to veteran after proof of enrollment || Monthly check sent to veteran after proof of enrollment ||
 * **“Kicker" or College Fund** || Allows “kickers” up to $950 per month for recruitment for critical skills – up to $350 per month for retention

Allows individuals with “kicker” earned under Chapter 30 and 1606 to continue to receive appropriate increase under Chapter 33 || Allows “kickers” up to $950 per month for recruitment for critical skills – up to $350 per month for retention || Allows “kickers” up to $350 per month. || Allows “kickers” up to $350 per month. ||
 * **Transferability** || Members with at least 6 years of service who reenlist for at least 4 more years, can transfer up to 36 months of benefits to their dependents.


 * Sponsor may transfer entitlement only while serving as a member of the Armed Forces.


 * Sponsor may modify or revoke entitlement at any time.

Spouse may use transferred benefits immediately; child may use transferred benefits after sponsor has completed 10 years of service || Members with at least 6 years of service who reenlists for at least 4 more years, can transfer up to 36 months of benefits to their dependents.

Sponsor may transfer, modify, or revoke entitlement at any time.

Spouse may use transferred benefits immediately; child may use transferred benefits after sponsor has completed 10 years of service || None || None ||
 * **Servicemember pay reduction** || New enrollees pay nothing

For those who transfer from Chapter 30 to Chapter 33, a proportional amount of the basic $1200.00 contribution will be included with the last monthly housing allowance payment when Chapter 33 entitlement exhausts. || $100 per month for first 12 months || None || None ||
 * **Student Loan Repayment** || Not addressed || Not addressed || Not addressed || Not addressed ||
 * **Service requirement** || From 90 days to 3+ years of cumulative active duty service after 9/10/01

Members who served at least 30 continuous days on active duty and were released due to a service-connected disability are also eligible. || 3+ years of continuous active duty for full benefit Reduced benefit for original active duty obligation of at least two, but less than three years of active 2 years continuous active duty + 4 years in Selected Reserve || Remain in good standing while serving in an active Selected Reserve unit || Your eligibility generally ends when you leave the Selected Reserves. ||
 * **Benefit term** || Up to 36 months || Up to 36 months || Up to 36 months || Up to 36 months ||
 * **Public-Private Partnership** || “Yellow Ribbon G.I. Education Enhancement Program” – IHL schools may enter into an agreement to fund up to 50 percent of the established charges not covered under Chapter 33.

VA will match each additional dollar funded by the school however, the combined amounts may not exceed the full cost of the schools established charges.

This program is only available to individuals who served an aggregate of 36 months of active duty service or who were released for a service connected disability. || Not addressed || Not addressed || Not addressed ||
 * **Time Limit to use benefits** || 15 years from last discharge or separation || 10 years from last discharge or separation || If your eligibility to this program began on or after 10/1/92, your period of eligibility ends 14 years from your beginning date of eligibility, or on the day you leave the Selected Reserve.

If your eligibility to this program began prior to 10/1/92, your period of eligibility ends 10 years from your beginning date of eligibility, or on the day you leave the Selected Reserve. || Members who were called up from the Selected Reserve, completed their REAP qualifying period of active duty service, and then returned to the Selected Reserve for the remainder of their service contract are now eligible for REAP benefits for 10 years upon separation. In addition, members who were called up from the Individual Ready Reserve (IRR) or the Inactive National Guard (ING), completed their REAP qualifying period of active duty service, and then entered the Selected Reserve to complete their service contract are now eligible for REAP benefits for 10 years upon separation.

Members who were called up from the Individual Ready Reserve (IRR) or the Inactive National Guard (ING), completed their REAP qualifying period of active duty service, and then returned to the IRR/ING are not eligible for the 10-year post service eligibility period.

Members who were called up from the Selected Reserve, completed their REAP qualifying period of active duty service, returned to the Selected Reserve, and later transferred to the IRR/ING are not eligible for the 10-year post service eligibility period. ||

= References =


 * 1) Department of Veterans Affairs. VA History in Brief. Retrieved from http://www1.va.gov/opa/feature/history/index.asp
 * 2) General Records of the United States Government. Servicemen’s Readjustment Act 1944. Retrived from http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=old&doc=76#
 * 3) Tanner, B. (2010). Topeka Lawyer, WWI Vet Authored GI Bill. Retrieved from http://www.kansas.com/2010/01/11/1131197/topeka-lawyer-wwi-vet-authored.html
 * 4) Zilversmit, A. (1989). The Bradley Commission and American History. The History Teacher, 23(1, A Special Issue: The Bradley Commission on History in Schools), 49-51. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/494600
 * 5) Nelson, L. (2009). "Many student veterans are still waiting for GI Bill benefits, colleges tell Congress". The chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved from http://chronicle.com/article/Many-Student-Veterans-Are-S/49339/
 * 6) Mangan, K. (2009). "Colleges help veterans advance from combat to classroom". The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved from http://chronicle.com/article/Colleges-Help-Veterans-Advance/48846/
 * 7) Chen, G. (2009). "How will the new GI Bill impact your community college enrollment options?" Community College Review. Retrieved from http://www.communitycollegereview.com/articles/130
 * 8) Wright, A. (2009). "Majority of colleges offer services for veterans, report says". The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved from http://chronicle.com/article/Majority-of-Colleges-Offer-/47426/
 * 9) Stripling, J. (2010). "Take two for GI Bill". Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved from http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2010/01/27/vets
 * 10) Farrell, E. (2005). "GI Blues". The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved from http://chronicle.com/article/GI-Blues/5396/
 * 11) Redden, E. (2008). "Gauging the new GI Bill". Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved from http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2008/06/20/gibill
 * 12) U.S. Department of Veterans. Benefit Comparison Chart. Retrieved from http://www.gibill.va.gov/gi_bill_info/CH33/Benefit_Comparison_Chart.htm